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Military PCB design and manufacturing

03/22/2024 在： /通过：

Military PCB is a printed circuit board for military products. Because of its high requirements in terms of environment, stability and reliability, its design is relatively complicated and the design requirements are more stricter. How to ensure the quality of military PCB is a very critical issue. In this article, we will introduce the processes and requirements of military PCB manufacturing in detail.

The importance of military circuit board

Military circuit board is part of the core component of military electronic equipment. It is responsible for connecting and supporting various electronic components to realize the function of the circuit. In many military applications, such as communication, navigation, control, detection, etc., they need to rely on military circuit boards to ensure the stability of the equipment’s normal operation and signal transmission. Without a stable and reliable circuit board, these equipment will not be able to work effectively, which will affect the performance and security of the entire military system.

Military circuit boards have high reliability and durability. In military applications, equipment often needs to face harsh working environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, strong vibration, etc. Military circuit boards are specially designed and manufactured, and can operate stably under these extreme conditions to ensure that the equipment can work for a long time and fail to fail. This is essential for ensuring the smooth completion of military tasks.

Military PCB design requirements

Components Selection:

Select high-quality printed circuit board materials that are best suited for military and defense applications. Use materials that meet the required standards for thermal management, chemical resistance, and PCB mechanical strength.

Abiding by Standards:

Military, aerospace, and law enforcement systems often hold specific standards and certifications that must be adhered to. For example, mention the standards and certifications of MIL-PFR-31032 (PCB HDI) and IPC-A-610 (acceptability of electronics assembled). Check and make sure that the PCB manufacturing process is according to these standards.

Durability and Functionality:

Military systems and their environment can be rigorous, facing extreme temperatures, increased humidity, and vibration. PCB must be designed very efficiently to adhere the required condition to ensure better functionality.

Confidentiality and Security Factor:

Military and security defense applications usually hold sensitive and confidential information. So, the security and keeping secret the design and manufacturing process of military PCB is very crucial to preventing unauthorized and unknown individuals from obtaining it.

PCB Traceability, Testing and Evaluation:

Design a strong traceability system for all materials to be used in military PCB manufacturing and assembly. It is essential to identify any malfunctions, errors, or defects throughout the military application lifecycle.

Apply a thorough testing and evaluation process to in the design and manufacturing of all components from beginning to the final military application.

Testing methods include visual testing, X-ray inspections, automated optical inspections (AOI), etc. which can help identify any malfunctions and defects produced in the early military PCB manufacturing process. Regarding the microscope magnification requirements for military PCB board inspection, it is generally required to use a microscope of more than 40 times for inspection.

The implementation of all these design and manufacturing considerations for military PCB is very important, as the military and law enforcement sectors need strict obedience to standards and regulations. Which enhances the required specifications for PCB manufacturing, such as working precision, functionality, and security throughout the PCB assembly and manufacturing process. Extreme

Thermal Management:

Military PCBs are subjected to extreme temperature conditions, so this factor should be critically considered in designing military systems and applications.

Electromagnetic Interference(EMI):

Military and defense sector environments often consist of electrical noise, which can interrupt sensitive electronics applications. Military PCBs should be properly shielded and designed to avoid any EMI issues.

PCB Corrosion:

Moisture exposure of PCB and severe chemicals can affect a printed circuit board with corrosion. Hence, military printed circuit boards must be covered with specialized components to resist and avoid corrosion.

Military PCB material

For military PCB, the reliability and stability of the material are very important. In extreme environments, under bad conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, and humidity, PCB needs to maintain good performance and working status. The commonly used materials are as follows:

1.FR-4

FR-4 is a glass fiber widely used in PCB to enhance epoxy resin materials, which has high mechanical strength and excellent insulation performance. It is widely used in the field of military industry, mainly because of its high stability and relatively low price, and is suitable for most military equipment.

2.PTFE

PTFE has excellent high temperature resistance and chemical stability. PTFE’s applications in military PCB are widely used, especially in some areas that have strict requirements on high -frequency performance, such as radar, communication and other systems, PTFE’s PCB can provide better signal transmission performance.

3. Metal substrate

The metal substrate has good heat dissipation performance and mechanical strength, which can effectively reduce the working temperature of electronic components and improve the reliability and stability of the system. In some military equipment with high heat dissipation, metal substrates are often adopted.

The characteristics of military PCB

Military PCB has the following characteristics:
1. High reliability
In military applications, reliability is crucial. Military PCB must be able to ensure stability in extreme environments to ensure the smooth completion of military tasks. The high reliability of the military PCB is mainly manifested in the control of the thickness of the copper of the hole wall or avoiding welding repairs or cutting circuit supplementation to ensure the performance and safety of the circuit board.

2. High -intensity
The high strength of military PCB refers to its ability to withstand high -intensity use environments, including high temperature, low temperature, high radiation, vibration, etc., while ensuring the stability and reliability of the circuit. This high -intensity is determined by military PCB materials and structural design to ensure that it can work normally in harsh environments and meet the special needs of military applications.

3. high heat dissipation properties
The military PCB’s high heat dissipation properties refer to their good thermal conductivity and heat dissipation capabilities, which can quickly pass and distribute the heat generated during the work of the circuit to ensure the stability and reliability of the circuit. This high heat dissipation is determined by the military PCB materials and structural design to meet the needs of military applications under high load and long -term work.

4.high confidentiality
The high confidentiality of military PCB refers to its good electromagnetic shielding and information security performance, which can prevent electromagnetic leakage and information leakage, to ensure the confidentiality and security of military equipment. This high secret is determined by military PCB materials and structural design to meet the special needs of military applications in information security.

5. high durability
The high durability of military PCB refers to its good mechanical strength and stability, and can work for a long time in harsh environments to ensure the reliability and service life of military equipment. This high durability is determined by military PCB materials and structural design to meet the special needs of military applications in a complex and changeable environment.

The testing standards for military-grade boards

There are different electrical test requirements as per MIL-PRF-55110 and MIL-PRF-31032 standards.

Electrical test requirements as per MIL-PRF-31032 standard
➤Continuity should be less than 10 Ω.
➤Isolation should be more than 2 mΩ and can be managed up to more than 10 mΩ for stringent requirements.
➤Voltage should be at least 40 volts unless otherwise specified.

Subject to all group A testing per C=0 sampling plan:
The following tests should be performed on a monthly basis on thermally stressed cross-section of every panel in X and Y direction.

➤Solderability
➤Ionic contamination
➤Dimensional & hole sizes
➤Plating adhesion test
➤Solder mask adhesion testing
➤Legend adhesion
➤Surface finish thickness – XRF
➤Bow and twist
➤Electrical testing (continuity and isolation)
➤Copper tensile and elongation should be tested monthly

Electrical test requirements as per MIL-PRF-55110 standard

➤Continuity should be less than 10Ω.
➤Isolation should be more than 10mΩ, including metal core jobs.
➤Voltage should be at least 40 volts unless otherwise specified.

Subject to all group A testing per C=0 sampling plan: The following tests should be performed on a monthly basis on thermally stressed cross-section of every panel in X and Y direction.

➤Solderability
➤Ionic contamination
➤Dimensional & hole sizes
➤Plating adhesion test
➤Solder mask adhesion testing
➤Legend adhesion
➤Surface finish thickness – XRF
➤Bow and twist
➤Electrical testing (continuity and isolation)
➤Copper tensile and elongation

Military PCB application

Military PCB (printing circuit board) is widely used in the military field, and its high reliability, stability and excellent performance make it an indispensable core component in military electronic equipment. The following are the main application areas of military PCB:

1. Missile system: Military PCB plays a key role in the guidance, control and communication systems of missiles to ensure that the missile can perform the task accurately and stably.

2. Aircraft and spacecraft: In the aerospace system, communication system, and navigation systems of aircraft and spacecraft, military PCB is responsible for connecting and supporting various electronic components to ensure the safe and stable flight of aircraft and spacecraft.

3. Chariot and ships: Military PCB plays an important role in the control system, communication system and weapon system of chariots and ships to improve combat effectiveness and survivability.

4. Radar and electronic warfare systems: radar and electronic warfare systems are key technologies in the military field. Military PCB undertakes tasks such as signal transmission, data processing and communication connection to ensure the stable operation of the system and efficient operations.

Application of 1.2K Ohm resistor

03/20/2024 在： /通过：

1.2K resistor is a very common resistor. It is widely used and is an important part of the precision circuit. It can do surprising things. If you want to know more about the resistor, please authenticate this article.

What is a 1.2K Resistor?

1.2k ohm resistor refers to the resistance value of a resistor 1.2k ohm. The resistance is the physical quantity that indicates the size of the conductor to the current hindering the current, and its unit is Om (ω). In the circuit, the resistance can limit the size of the current, separate pressure or diversion. It can also be used as a matching between circuit components to ensure the correct transmission of signals or energy.

1.2k ohm resistor is a resistor with a specific resistance value. It can be a fixed resistor, variable resistor, or special type of resistor (such as thermal resistance, optical resistance, etc.), depending on application requirements. In the circuit, it can limit the current, adjust the voltage, or implement other specific functions according to the design requirements of the circuit.

When selecting a 1.2k ohm resistor, in addition to the resistance itself, it is necessary to consider parameters such as power capacity, accuracy, and temperature coefficient. The power capacity determines the maximum power that the resistor can bear safely, while the accuracy affects the accuracy of the resistance value, while the temperature coefficient describes the condition where the resistance value changes with temperature.

What Is The Color Code Of The 1.2K Resistor?

A 1.2K resistor has a color code of brown, red, red, and gold. Here’s how to interpret the color code:

The first band is brown, which represents the number 1. The second band is red, which represents the number 2. The third band is also red, which means there is an additional zero that needs to be added to the number. So the actual value of the resistor is 12 with one zero added, which is 1.2 in scientific notation.

The fourth band is gold, which represents the tolerance of the resistor. Therefore, a 1.2K resistor with a tolerance of +/- 5 percent would have the color code of brown, red, red, and gold.

1.2k ohm resistor application

1.1.2K Ohm’s resistance value is applied in multiple fields, depending on the design and needs of the circuit or system. The following are some possible application scenarios:

2. Electronic circuit: In the electronic circuit, the resistance is used to limit the matching of current, voltage, diversion or as a match between circuit components. 1.2K Ohm resistor can be used for these purposes according to the needs of the circuit.

3. Sensor: some types of sensors (such as photoresistid resistance, thermistor, etc.) may have 1.2k ohm’s resistor value or its nearby resistance range. These sensors can detect environmental parameters (such as light intensity, temperature, etc.) and convert them to resistance changes, and then convert them into measuring signals through circuits.

4. Measurement and calibration: In electrical measurement, accurate resistance is used to calibrate the measurement equipment or as a reference resistance. 1.2K Ohm’s resistors may be used in such applications, especially in calibration and measurement tasks that require medium resistance range.

5. Safety and protection: In certain circuits, the resistance is used to limit the current to protect the circuit component from the damage to the large current. 1.2K Ohm’s resistor may be used for such purposes, especially in circuits that require medium current restrictions.

6. Communication and signal processing: In the communication system and signal processing circuit, the resistance is used to match the radio impedance, attenuation signals, or perform other signal processing tasks. 1.2K Ohm’s resistors may play a role in these applications.

7. Power and battery management: In the power supply and battery management system, the resistance is used in the functions of current sampling, overcurrent protection or battery power detection. 1.2K Ohm resistor may be used for these purposes to achieve precise management of power or battery.

1.2K resistor

The role of 1.2k ohm resistor in the switch circuit

● Flow limit effect: When there is an inductance or capacitance in the circuit, they will generate an inductance or capacitor response when switching, thereby generating instantaneous changes in voltage and current. These instantaneous changes may cause damage to the components and switch tubes in the circuit. In this case, the 1.2 ohm resistor can be used as a restricted resistance to limit the instantaneous changes of the current, thereby protecting the components and switch tubes in the circuit.

● Stabilization: When the load changes in the circuit, it may cause the voltage change. The change in this voltage may cause other components in the circuit to be affected. In this case, 1.2 Ohm resistor can be used as a voltage resistance, which is to reduce the output voltage of the stable circuit by generating a constant voltage.

● Current detection function: 1.2 Ohm resistor can also be used as current detection resistance. By detecting the voltage drop at both ends of the resistance, the current in the circuit can be calculated.

Precautions for using 1.2k ohm resistor

●Make sure the power rating of the 1.2K resistor is sufficient for the circuit. Exceeding the power rating can cause the resistor to overheat and possibly fail.

●Verify the resistor’s tolerance: Resistors have a tolerance, which specifies how close the actual resistance value can be to the nominal resistance value. Make sure the resistor’s tolerance is acceptable for your circuit’s requirements.

●Make sure the resistor is installed in the correct orientation. Otherwise, you may encounter unexpected results.

●Make sure the resistor is not exposed to any high temperatures, humidity, or other environmental conditions.
Frequently Asked Questi

Summarize

1.2K Ohm resistor is one of the indispensable basic elements in the electronic circuit. Its accurate resistance and extensive application make it play an important role in various circuit design. In practical applications, the appropriate resistance types and parameters should be selected according to the specific circuit design requirements and performance requirements.

Design and Manufacturing Guidelines for 6-Layer Printed Circuit Boards

03/13/2024 在： /通过：

The 6 -layer PCB (printed circuit board) is a printed circuit board with a multi -layer conductive layer. Its basic structures include the internal and external copper foil layers and the intermediate isolation layer. Among them, the first and 6th layers are the signal layer. Signal. This design allows more functions and higher performance in a limited space.

6-layer PCB application

The 6 -layer PCB (printed circuit board) plays a key role in modern electronic manufacturing, and its application is wide and diverse. The following are the main application areas of the 6 -layer circuit board:

1. In the field of communication equipment, the application of 6 layers of PCB is very common. For example, communication devices such as mobile phones and routers need to use this type of PCB. Due to the large amount of data processing of communication equipment and high requirements for circuit boards, the 6 -layer PCB can provide higher data transmission rate and lower signal interference, thereby ensuring the normal operation of the equipment.

2. In the field of industrial control equipment, the 6 -layer PCB also plays an important role. Industrial control equipment usually requires a large amount of data and complex control tasks, which have high requirements for the stability and reliability of the circuit board. The high stability and high reliability of the 6 -layer PCB can ensure the stable operation of the industrial control equipment, thereby improving production efficiency.

3. In the field of medical instruments, 6 -layer PCB is also widely used. For example, the ECG monitor and ultrasonic diagnostic instrument in medical equipment need to use this type of PCB. Because medical instruments have high requirements for data accuracy and stability, the 6 -layer PCB can provide high -precision signal transmission and stable working environment, thereby improving the work efficiency and diagnosis accuracy of medical equipment.

4.6 layers of PCB also have a wide range of application prospects in data centers and high -speed communication. Its high -density design can achieve smaller size and higher integration, saving space and cost for electronic products. At the same time, due to the characteristics of its high signal transmission rate and low signal loss, the 6 -layer PCB can meet the needs of high -speed communication and data centers.

Benefits of Using 6 Layer Printed Circuit Board

The six-layer printed circuit board incorporated within the multilayer board offers unmatched benefits. These exceptional advantages and specific characteristics of the six-layer printed circuit board are delineated in more detail hereinafter.

Firstly, a diminished size and surface area. The inclusion of additional layers provides ample room for diminishing the footprint of the printed circuit board. Consequently, one defining characteristic of the six-layer circuit board lies in its ability to minimize the overall area occupied by the end product while facilitating more intricate functionalities. This stands as one of the key motivators behind the utilization of six-layer printed circuit boards on an increasing scale currently. Reflecting the escalating demands for the portability of electronic gadgets, these attributes align flawlessly with prevailing market trends.

Secondly, superior electrical performance. With the escalating complexity of products, semiconductor DC, AC, rectification currents, diverse frequencies, and powers, encompassing high-grade ICs, elevated voltages, ADC conversion rates, precision, and so forth, the electrical performance benchmarks of components utilized for printed circuit boards invariably rise. This enhanced electrical reliability of six-layer printed circuit boards renders the interaction among components more reliable, offering a distinct edge over single- and double-layer printed circuit boards.

Thirdly, enhanced durability. Comparative to single-sided and double-layer printed circuit boards, six-layer printed circuit boards incorporate multiple insulation layers, thus enhancing PCB robustness for optimized prevention of PCB shorts, thereby prolonging PCB lifespan and product longevity.

Fourthly, superior connectivity, reduced weight. In contrast to conventional single-sided printed circuit boards and double-sided printed circuit boards, the elaborate circuitry of the six-layer printed circuit board simplifies component connections, thereby minimizing the usage of interconnection components and subsequently, reducing the total weight of the PCBA assembled product. As such, this represents a compact, yet lightweight solution ideal for portable electronics.

Lastly, the intricate stacking arrangement delivers a more robust structure and effectiveness. Design considerations related to stacking arrangements play a pivotal role in PCBs. Six-layer PCBs exhibit a more intricate stacking array compared to single-sided PCBs and double-layer PCBs. However, this increasingly complex configuration also enhances PCB application potential, ensuring quality and stability guarantees.

Which material does the 6 -layer PCB use?

The materials used in the 6 -layer PCB (printed circuit board) mainly include conductive materials, insulation materials and substrate materials. The following is a detailed introduction to the main materials used in 6 layers of PCB:

1. conductive material:
▶ Copper foil: The outer copper foil layer is a layer of metal foil on the surface of the PCB board. It will be processed into the required line pattern for connecting each component. The inner copper foil layer is located between the inner signal layer and is also used for the connection and transmission of the circuit.
▶ Gold plating, silver plating, etc.: Under certain specific needs, in order to improve the performance of electrical conductivity or prevent oxidation, metals such as gold -plated and silver plating may be used as conductive materials.

2. Insulation material:
▶ Prepreg: This is a thin piece of insulation material, which is used for adhesion materials and insulation materials for the inner conductive graphics of the multi -layer printing board. During the layer pressure, the semi -curing epoxy resin is squeezed away to form a reliable insulator.
▶ Polymidamine (PI), Polytesterafluoroethylene (PTFE), etc.: These high -performance insulation materials are also often used in 6 layers of PCB to improve insulation and high temperature resistance.

3. substrate material:
▶ FR-4: This is a glass fiber-covered copper plate with good insulation performance and mechanical strength. It is a substrate material commonly used in 6 layers of PCB. FR-4 contains flame retardants, so it is also called FR (flame retardant) layer.
▶ Other FR layer boards: In addition to the FR-4, there are FR-2 (paper-based phenolic resin layer plates), FR-6 (polyester resin glass fiber layer plate), etc. FR layer boards can also be used for 6-layer PCB manufacturing , But they may be different in certain performance or processing.

What Makes up a 6 Layer PCB Stackup?

A 6 layer PCB stackup comprises different layers. The ground plane, power plane, and signal layers make up a 6 layer PCB stackup. Each of these layers has its functions. However, it is important to understand how these layers play a significant role in the functionality of this stackup.

Ground plane
The ground plane functions as a return path for current from various components on the circuit. It is a layer of copper foil that connects to the ground point of the circuit. This separate layer is so large that it covers the whole board. The ground plane allows the PCB manufacturer to ground components easily.

Power plane
This is a plane of copper that connects to a power supply. The power plane provides a supply of voltage to the circuit board. This layer is often seen in multilayer stackups since these stackups use an even number of layers. A power plane reduces the operating temperature of a board as it can handle more current.

Signal layers
These layers include the bottom layer, top layer, and inner layer. All these layers have electrical connections.

▶Bottom signal layer: This layer is primarily for soldering and wiring. For a multilayer board, manufacturers can place components.
▶Top signal layer: It is also referred to as thecomponent layer. This layer is used to arrange copper or wires.
▶Inner signal layer: This layer is connected to power and ground planes. It has electrical connections and consists of an entire piece of the copper film. The inner signal layer can only be seen in multilayer boards.

6 -layer PCB stack design rules

The rules of the 6 -layer PCB stack design are mainly based on the performance requirements of the circuit board, signal integrity, the layout of the power supply and the formation, and the shielding effect. The following are some key stack design rules:

1. The tight coupling between the formation and the signal layer: the distance between the formation and the power layer should be as small as possible, and the thickness of the medium should be as small as possible to increase the capacitance between the power layer and the power efficiency.

2. Isolation between the signal layer: Try not to be adjacent directly between the two signal layers to prevent signal stringing and ensure that the performance of the circuit is stable.

3. Use the internal electrical layer to block: For the multi -layer circuit board, the signal layer should be adjacent to a internal electric layer (formation or power layer) as much as possible. The role of effectively avoids the skewers between the signal layer.

4. The layout of the high -speed signal layer: The high -speed signal layer should generally be between the two internal electrical layers. Small interference to other signal layers.

5. Symmetry of layered structure: During the design process, the symmetry of layering structure needs to be considered, which helps ensure the stability and reliability of the circuit board.

6. Use multiple ground electrical layers: This can effectively reduce ground impedance and improve the performance of the circuit board.

7. The use of even layers: It is generally recommended to use the even layer of PCB to avoid the odd number layer, because the strange number layer circuit board is easy to bend.

Factors To Consider In The Design Of 6-Layer PCB Stack-Up

Several factors need to be considered while designing the 6-layered PCB stack-up:

Signal Integrity Considerations
The electrical signal transmission through PCB is the result of signal integrity. Thus, trace lengths are planned carefully to prevent signal delays and distortions. On the other hand, impedance matching involves designing traces and terminations to match the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines, minimizing signal reflections. Additionally, minimizing crosstalk between adjacent traces is essential to avoid interference and ensure signal integrity. The design can maintain the desired signal quality and prevent data errors or signal degradation by addressing these factors.

Power and Ground Plane Design
A PCB’s overall performance depends heavily on the design of the power and ground planes. Several advantages to power and ground plane distribution can be realized. Noise reduction is one of the benefits. The planes serve as a shield, shielding the circuitry from outside noise. Another crucial element is stable power distribution, which guarantees that each component receives a steady supply of clean power. This helps prevent voltage swings and potential issues. Moreover, careful attention must be given to the placement and routing of power and ground traces to minimize the loop area, which reduces electromagnetic interference and improves signal integrity. These considerations collectively contribute to the efficient and reliable operation of the PCB.

Impedance Control and Routing Guidelines
Impedance control and routing guidelines are essential for maintaining consistent signal characteristics and preventing signal degradation. These guidelines dictate trace widths, spacing, and layer stack-up to achieve desired impedance values. Adhering to these guidelines helps minimize reflections and signal distortion.

EMI/EMC Considerations
EMI/EMC considerations are crucial for minimizing electromagnetic interference and ensuring compliance with electromagnetic compatibility standards. Shielding techniques, proper grounding, and strategic component placement are key to reducing EMI/EMC issues and ensuring the PCB functions reliably in its intended environment.

Materials
Standard substrate materials or aluminum cores are used to make single-layer PCBs. However, for the multilayer stack-ups, it should be clear that the aluminum core PCBs are not available. This is because multilayer aluminum PCBs are challenging to manufacture.

Thermal Management Techniques
Thermal management techniques are vital to prevent overheating and ensure the longevity and reliability of the PCB. This involves incorporating heat sinks, thermal vias, and proper component placement to dissipate heat efficiently. Thermal simulations and calculations can help identify potential hotspots and guide the selection of suitable cooling strategies.

6 Layer PCB Fabrication

Edit the schematic diagram
The 6 layer PCB can feature two layers of the ground plane in the circuit board. This means that the manufacturer can separate the digital and analog grounds. Involve the signal’s minimum return path in EMI. Ensure you check for any errors after creating the schematic diagram.

Create a new PCB file
After the manufacturer has created a new PCB file, the schematic netlist can be imported into that file. The manufacturer then sets the layer structure and adds layers. The next thing is to add the power and ground layers. During a 6 layer PCB fabrication, you must couple the main ground layer and the power layer. This should be at a distance of 5 ml.

Layout
Layout is very important in the fabrication of a 6 layer PCB stackup. The primary principle of layout is to ensure good partition. Moreso, the partition of digital and analog devices can help to minimize interference. Digital signals generate large interference and a strong anti-interference.

You need to check out the components layout with various operating voltages. Ensure that devices having large voltage differences are far apart. In principle, the best configuration type features 3 power layers and 3 signal layers. The ground plane is the second and fifth layers. The third and fourth layers are power and inner signal layers.

Ground plane production
In a 6 layer PCB fabrication, there are two layers of ground. They are DGND and AGND. The DGND is placed on the fourth layer while the AGND is placed on the second layer. The manufacturer uses wires to lead out the pins of the ground and top components. Then you use the via hole to connect the pins to the corresponding network. Ensure you use a few pads during the connection process. This is because the pads will increase interference.

Power plane production
You need to divide the power layer. This is because the 6 layer PCB will not feature one working voltage value. Follow these procedures for segmentation during a 6 layer PCB fabrication;

●Figure out a voltage network
●Change to the inner power layer    
●Draw a closed graph using a line
●Use wires to lead out the pins of the ground and top layer
●Create connection to the inner power layer via the pad
●Design the next power network.

Routing
Ensure the ground layer and power layer are made well. After this, route the signal lines. Routing during a 6 layer PCB fabrication requires serious attention. The manufacturer should ensure that the vital high-speed signal line goes to the inner signal layer. The signal can also move on its ground layer.

For instance, if analog signals are mostly on the top layer, the second layer should be set to AGND. Furthermore, you need to adjust the component layout appropriately to enhance wiring. The routing method for the inner signal layer is wire-pad –inner electric layer.

DRC Inspection
This is an important step for a 6 layer PCB fabrication. DRC simply means design rule check. After the manufacturer has drawn the board, the inspection must take place. Carrying out a DRC helps to enhance the fabrication yields of a 6 layer PCB.

What is the difference between breadboard and pcb board?

03/11/2024 在： /通过：

What is a breadboard?

Experimental PCB boards are mainly used in stages of circuit design, testing and functional verification to help engineers verify the correctness and reliability of circuit design during product development. They are usually bare boards, that is, the circuit board without components, so that engineers can add the required components to set up circuit construction and testing.

Breadboard has a wide range of applications in the fields of electronic engineering, communication, computer and other fields, and is an indispensable part of circuit design and product development. By using Breadboard, engineers can design and optimize the circuit more efficiently to improve the quality and performance of the product.

How does Breadboard work?

The circuit Breadboard, its working principle is mainly based on its unique structure and design. There are many jacks on the bread plate. These jacks are actually column connection sockets for fixing and connecting electronic components to form circuits.

Breadboard are usually divided into two independent parts. The first part is two rows of jacks separated by the red and blue lines on the left and right sides. The red is used to connect the positive pole of the power supply and blue is used for ground (GND). Each row of jacks are connected inside, so that users can connect the positive and negative poles of the power supply.

The second part is the middle jack area. These jacks are divided into left 5 and 5, and a total of 10 lines are identified as A, B, C, D, E, etc. The five jacks in each row are connected inside, which provides users with a convenient platform that can connect electronic components on it and connect to the power supply and grounding next to build the required circuit.

When setting a circuit on Breadboard, users can insert electronic components (such as resistance, capacitors, diode, integrated circuits, etc.) into the corresponding jump according to the needs of the circuit, and Connect with power and ground. In this way, a complete circuit can be formed to test, verify or demonstrate the functions and performance of the circuit.

When do I use Breadboard?

Breadboard is usually used in the following situations:

1. Circuit design and test: In the early stage of circuit design, engineers need to use Breadboard to build and test circuits. Through the actual construction of the circuit and observing its operating effect, engineers can verify the correctness and reliability of the circuit design, and timely discover and modify the problems in the design in time.

2. Functional verification and debugging: Breadboard is an important tool for verifying circuit functions. Engineers can build specific circuits on Breadboard to test specific functions or performance. In addition, Breadboard can also be used for debugging to help engineers position and solve the failure or problem in the circuit.

3. Learning and education: Breadboard plays an important role in professional teaching and learning in electronic engineering, communication, computer and other professional. Students can deepen their understanding of circuit principles, electronic components, and circuits by setting up and testing circuits on Breadboard to enhance their practical ability.

4. Prototype production and product development: During the product development stage, Breadboard can be used to make circuit prototypes. Engineers can quickly build and test the prototype of the circuit on Breadboard to verify whether their functions and performance meet the design requirements. This helps shorten the product development cycle and improves development efficiency.

5. Scientific research and experiments: In the field of scientific research, Breadboard is often used to build experimental circuits to study the performance, behavior, or characteristics of electronic components, circuits or systems.

The advantage of Breadboard

The advantages of breadboard:

▶You can rapidly change connections and test various plans in a development phase.

▶It’s easy and fast to assemble as there are no permanent solder connections.

▶You can also change various components such as the capacitor or resistor value.

▶You can add an ammeter anywhere with shifting wires (breaking into) any branch of your circuit. What’s more, the current measurement on PCBs require you to break tracks or add extra resistors in your design.

The difference between Breadboard and PCB

Difference 1: Breadboard can change components and PCB can’t because its connections are permanent.
The great difference between the breadboard and PCB is that the breadboard doesn’t have to be soldered because its components can be either changed or removed. Does this mean the breadboard is better than PCB in this regard? No way. You can’t say which is better because they meet different demands.

One point where the breadboard wins is that it has designed slots, which let you plug components that can be changed later. However, the PCB parts are surface-mounted and/or through-hole mounted on a circuit board, which is a permanent project.

Note
If you want to change the PCB’s component, you have to use soldering, but this can affect the board’s performance. So before you have your PCBs manufactured, remember to check your design carefully.
One point where the PCB wins is obvious. Try shaking the breadboard upside down. You will wish its connections were permanent.

Difference 2: breadboards are used in the development phase, and printed circuit boards are used for the end products.
Breadboards are used to test circuits because they are cheaper and you can change their components and test different scenarios. You can buy breadboards easily.

However, PCBs used for end products are customized. Before you have them manufactured, you need to generate Gerber files from schematics, and schematics come from your design. Once PCBs are designed, for a better effect, let a reliable one-stop PCB company manufacture and assemble them. When you get the PCB assemblies, you get end products.

Difference 3: PCBs have better carrying capacity than breadboards.
A printed circuit board has a significantly better current carrying capacity compared to a breadboard because its traces can be much wider for more current to run through. Breadboards provide the minimum current capacity to the circuits because the components are connected by wires. Besides, terminals can be added to your PCB to add external connections but can’t to breadboards.

Difference 4: PCBs are much more complex than breadboards.
Compared to PCBs, breadboards have a simple structure. The breadboard consists of distribution buses and groups of holes. A specific channel runs between the two rows, which creates an environment for the chip with pins you can place in there. You can place one or two power distribution buses on the side of the breadboard for grounding and running power.

Different PCBs have different structures, and even the simplest single-layer PCBs have a more complex structure than breadboards. The most basic PCB structure contains four layers – a PCB substrate, a copper layer, a solder mask, and silkscreen/legends. The connection is wireless because the copper traces are placed on the board.

What is blank PCB?

03/06/2024 在： /通过：

The courteous term for “blank PCB” is the PCB board that is devoid of electronic components, serving as a foundation for PCBA. Blank PCB is an electronic board composed of epoxy fiber, copper film or PCB ink. The simplicity of this board offers ample latitude for engineers and designers, allowing components to be added at will, thus possessing high degree of flexibility and apt for batch production.

What are the components of blank PCB?

The blank PCB (printing circuit board) is mainly composed of the following parts:

1. The substrate: Also known as the circuit board or PCB board, is the main part of the PCB. Generally consisting of insulating material, such as glass fiber enhanced epoxy resin (FR-4). It is the support and connection part of the circuit element on the PCB.

2. Conductive layer: composed of copper foil, covering one or sides of the substrate. The conductive layer is used to connect to electronic components and circuits.

3. pad: The pad is a metal area on the wire layer for welding connection with components. The pad is a metal part on PCB, which is used to connect electronic components and PCB.

4. Welle layer: a green paint film covered on PCB, which is used to protect circuits and pads to prevent short circuits and corrosion circuits.

5. Horcho: Including metal perforated and non -metallic pores, the metal pores are used to connect component pins between layers.

6. Installation holes: used for fixed circuit boards.

7. Wire: Electrical network copper film for connecting component pins.

8. Plug -in: The component of the connection between the circuit board.

9. Filling: Copper for the ground network network can effectively reduce impedance.

10. Electrical boundary: It is used to determine the size of the circuit board, and the components on the board cannot exceed the boundary.

Types of blank printed circuit boards

There are different types of blanks PCBs. In this section, we will look at the following types of blank PCBs:

AIN PCB and Alumina PCB
Both are distinct types of ceramic materials. They both have an impressive thermal conductivity. For IC use, AIN PCBs are the best to apply.

Both alumina and AIN PCBs are ideal for laser electronics, automotive sensors, and high-power LED applications, among many other functions.

High-frequency PCB
Otherwise known as a fast or RF microwave PCB, this is a blank PCB transmitting and receiving signals with top frequency. It is PTFE-based.

These types of blank PCBs have different applications, including their use in missiles, smartphones, global positioning systems, anti-collision mechanisms, antennas, and radars, among several other uses.

When choosing high frequency PCB manufacturers, it is important to look at the kind of technology that they use. This will determine whether or not they are able to reduce contraction and expansion of high-frequency PCBs. This contraction and expansion can take a toll on the performance of the blank printed circuit board. Therefore, thermal expansion needs to be as slight as it can be.

That is why vigilance is important when selecting a blank PCB dealer. You can always trust IBE’s technology in fabrication and assembly of PCBs.

Rigid-flex PCB and flexible PCB
From the name, you can already tell that these blank PCBs can bend. They are based on PET or PI. As for rigid-flex PCBs, their flex area has FR4 PCB layers laminated onto them.

For flexible PCBs, an ED or RA copper foil is applied. This is not the same with rigid-flex PCBs, as they only rely on RA copper.

Metal core PCB
Yet another blank PCB variant is the metal core PCB. They include both copper and aluminum PCBs. Due to their enhanced thermal conductivity, they are an ideal pick for power applications such as LED lighting.

For the insulation of the metallic core and the copper circuit layers, a dielectric is used. This dielectric determines the thermal conductivity.

FR4 PCB

By far the most popular blank PCB is the FR4 version. FR4 is an abbreviation that translates to flame retardant level 4. It has epoxy fiberglass and is quite simple to create. An FR4 quote is lower than most other PCBs. It is even cheaper than PCBs with the same complexity in circuitry.

Test method of blank PCB

The test of blank PCB is a key step to ensure the quality and performance of the circuit board. The following are several common blank PCB test methods:

     1. Ois visual inspection: Use a magnifying glass or calibrated microscope for visual inspection to determine whether the circuit board has defects, poor welding or other problems. This is the most traditional detection method, but its subjectivity and efficiency are low, which may not be applicable for complex PCB.

     2. Online test: identify manufacturing defects through electrical performance testing, and test simulation, digital and hybrid signal components to ensure that they meet the specifications. Common test methods include needle bed tester and flying needle tester. The advantage of this method is that the test cost is low and the test speed is fast, but special test fixtures and programming requires.

    3. Function test: In the middle stage of the production line and the end, the special testing equipment is used to comprehensively test the functional module of the circuit board. This method can confirm the quality of the circuit board, but the test cost is high, and special test equipment and personnel are required.

    4. Automatic X -ray check: Use different substances to absorb X -ray, and perspective needs to be detected to find defects. This method can detect problems such as poor welding and lack of components, but the electrical performance problem cannot be detected.

     5. Laser detection system: It is the latest development of PCB test technology, which has the characteristics of high precision, high speed and high reliability. It can scan the surface of the circuit board by laser to detect tiny defects and poor welding problems.

How a blank PCB is made?

In order to make a blank PCB, you’ll have to design and have PCB manufacturer fabricate the boards.
PCB designing typically follows the process of separating clock and analog signals. Also, the line angles need to be larger than 135 degrees. Lines have to be as short as they can be.

As you complete the PCB design, you’ll have to check on the following factors:

▶ Manufacturability
▶ Small electromagnetic interference
▶ Even impedance
▶ At IBE, we promise to deliver a perfect PCBA DFA and PCB DFM.

 

Conclude

If you are looking for PCB light board suppliers, you can contact us. We produce a variety of light board PCB. There are ceramics, rigidity, flexible, rigidity combination, heavy copper PCB and so on. We provide PCB services for customer service around the world. We also have EMS solutions, PCB manufacturing and assembly. Welcome to leave a message.

How to find the alternative of electronic components fast?

03/04/2024 在： /通过：

Electronic components are an important part of the printing circuit board. It can be said that electronic components determine the success or failure of an electronic project. When we choose electronic components, some may exceed your budget due to prices, inventory, delivery cycle and other issues. This is a challenge for all engineers. When facing these problems, you must know how to find the same efficiency electronic component, which plays a key role in completing the project.

The theme we are going to discuss today is “How to quickly find the alternative to electronic components?” I have sorted a score project guide for everyone, let’s take a look.

What is an alternative electronic component?

An alternative electronic component is one that works in an equivalent manner to the original component – offering the same level of performance and quality, while at the same time often either representing better value or being easier to source.

There are also a variety of instances in which you may need to identify an alternative or equivalent electronic component for your project:

The re-use of an old design
●A new design with a high-demand component
●A component that uses a material in shortage
●A component that has extended lead times
●A component that had a limited production run
●A component that is no longer in production
●A component or material that is banned in your country

Types of Alternative Electronic Components

Alternatives can conveniently fall into three groups: drop-in replacements, functional alternatives, and functional equivalent alternatives. The existence of custom parts as yet another viable option, albeit rare, must not be overlooked.

1. Drop-In Replacements
Our product range includes various components allotted for each specified part number. Each component functions seamlessly as an alternate to its counterpart, being utilized interchangeably during production cycles. These are pre-screened and assurance-backed individuals, serving our goals of preserving a robust and adaptable supply chain.

2. Functional Alternatives
Functional alternatives fill the same role as an authorized component, however, they are uncontrolled substitutes. Prior to validating a functional alternative’s usage, our diligent design engineers assess the component. Resultantly, it might be incorporated as a substitute for the initial component, necessitating a design adjustment occasionally.

3. Functional Equivalent Alternatives
When functional alternatives match or outperform the original component performance-wise, it often transforms into an either/or choice. Upon our engineering team deeming the alternative fitting, a design revision could become necessary. Any ensuing design alterations might render the original component incompatible with the product’s specifications.

4. Custom Alternatives
The creation of custom alternatives is undoubtedly costly. Hence, most electronics manufacturers reshape their procurement patterns to accommodate a singular channels of supply. Indiscriminate use of multiple producers for these bespoke components nearly doubles the expenses associated with component research and development.

Why do I need an alternative to electronic components?

1. Supply chain problem: Due to various reasons (such as bankruptcy, geopolitical tension, natural disasters, etc.), some electronic components may be interrupted by the supply chain. In this case, finding an alternative can ensure the continuity of the production line and avoid stagnation of production.

2. Consider: With market fluctuations, the price of some electronic components may rise sharply. In order to reduce costs, the company may find alternatives with similar properties but low prices.

3. Technology upgrade: With the development of technology, the performance of new electronic components may be higher, low power consumption or small amount. The use of these new components as alternative materials can enhance the competitiveness of the product.

4. Environmental friendship: Today, with the understanding of environmental protection, the company may be more inclined to choose environmental materials as alternative materials to reduce the negative impact on the environment.

5. Intellectual property protection: In some cases, in order to avoid infringing intellectual property rights, enterprises may need to find alternative materials that do not infringe patents.

6. Customer demand: Customers’ specific needs may need to use specific types of electronic components. In some cases, in order to meet these needs, the company may need to find alternative materials to meet customer needs.

In short, looking for an alternative to electronic components can ensure the stability of the production line, reduce costs, improve product performance, protect the environment, avoid intellectual property disputes, and meet customer needs. Therefore, finding appropriate alternative materials in the purchase and supply chain management of electronic components is an important task

How do I find alternative of electronic components?

Please find below several prevalent indicators indicating potential electronic component counterfeits when conducting inspections:

Familiarize yourself with component specifications
Prior to initiating a quest for viable substitutes, deep knowledge of the specifications pertaining to the component requiring replacement is vital. This encompasses variables such as voltage ratings, current ratings, packaging type, and pin configurations. Mastery of these specifics will significantly aid in locating suitable replacements while refining your search.

Utilize parametric searches
Electronic component distributor websites typically provide parametric search tools facilitating filtering of components based on precise criteria. This utility becomes invaluable during the pursuit of alternatives possessing comparable specs. By selecting variabilities including voltage range, package type, etc., your search results can be significantly refined.

Seek guidance from manufacturer’s resources
Practically, component manufacturers often offer substitution lists for their products directly on their websites. These resources proving especially beneficial in locating replacements for outdated components.

Appraise functional equivalents
Although crucial to align component specifications, consider also potential functional equivalents. These components might feature slightly distinct specifications yet fulfill the necessary function within your circuit. Be certain to evaluate how any discrepancies impact your overall design.

Engage suppliers in collaboration
Feel free to proactively solicit advice and engage in dialogue with suppliers who may impart beneficial insights and suggestions – we stand ready to assist with advice regarding alternative electronic component sourcing should you reach out to our team.

LST has a very professional team to provide you with electronic component solutions. Our members are familiar with various types of electronic components and their functions, and maintain a cooperative relationship with many electronic component suppliers. We can help customers find the most suitable electronic component instead in the shortest time.

Introduction to 0603 SMD: You should know

02/29/2024 在： /通过：

What is 0603 SMD?

0603 SMD refers to a patch resistance with a length of 0.6mm and a width of 0.3mm. Among them, 0603’s “06” represents 0.6mm, and “03” represents 0.3mm. This specification of patch resistance is usually used in small circuit boards or in circuits that require high -density assembly. Its size is small and can be used in the case of limited space, so it is widely used in electronic products such as mobile devices, laptops, and smartphones.

The power of the patch resistance 0603 is usually between 1/16 watts and 1/10 watts. Because its size is small and the heat dissipation area is small, the power is low. However, its accuracy is relatively high and can reach 1%or higher. In addition, 0603 also has some special types, such as the stable patch resistance of the temperature coefficient (TCR), high -frequency patch resistance, etc.

0603 SMD Applications

0603 SMD is mainly applied to the following aspects:

1. Electronic equipment: 0603 SMD resistance packaging and 0603 ceramic patch capacitors are widely used in various circuit boards and electronic devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, car electronics, etc.

2. Communication equipment: 0603 SMD resistance packaging and 0603 ceramic SMD capacitors can be used for high -frequency communication devices such as mobile phones, routers, base stations, and providing stable resistance matching and signal transmission.

3. Industrial control: In the field of industrial automation and control, the 0603 SMD resistance seal is used in various sensors, PLC, servo controllers and other devices.

4. Lighting equipment: 0603 SMD LED blue light is widely used in wireless chargers, charging treasures, routers, small appliances (such as: sweeper, vacuum cleaner, etc.), smart home, circuit board, vehicle instrumentation, Bluetooth headset audio and other fields Essence The blue glowing color can increase the sense of technology of electronic products and make intelligent products more distinctive.

0603 SMD Electrical Ratings

0603 SMD packages have no standard set of electrical ratings. Capacitors, resistors, and inductors feature different specifications. Therefore, these values rely on the materials for building the component. Generally, 0603 inductors’ inductance value will be lower than that of larger packages. The same thing goes for capacitors.

However, these setbacks are due to the fact that these values rely on the package size. 0603 SMD capacitors usually feature low voltage ratings since the electric field between the capacitor’s ends will be extremely high when the package becomes small. The current/power ratings for inductors and resistors are low since these ratings cause heat in the package. Also, a small package needs less heat to heat up.

It is crucial to utilize larger components when designing a high current/ high voltage. There are special 0603 RF inductors and capacitors for high-frequency RF systems. The parasitic values of the capacitors and inductors are weak in the package. Therefore, their impedance will be very reliable. Once you decide on the type of components needed, use an E-parts finder to quickly locate 0603 package footprints.

Also, you can locate the components needed when looking for 3D models and 0603 package footprints. Furthermore, you can locate the components needed by using the parts search features. You will be able to access CAD models from manufacturers. You can import these CAD models into ECAD applications. Also, you access sourcing information from distributors across the world.

How to solder 0603 smd ?

The steps of 0603 SMD welding are as follows:

1. Put the welded torch on the pointed welding head. After heating to 320 degrees and 330 degrees, use a welding gun to dip a little tin. Note that tin does not need to be too much, because compared with direct -inserted components, welding of patch components does not require too much tin.

2. Gently click on one of the two pads, let the tin spread evenly on it, and slightly bulge a little. Note that tin must not be too much, and it cannot directly become a small mountain or a drum bag like a straight plug -in resistor, which will affect the later work.

3. Holding the welded carbide in the right hand to ensure that the tin on the pad is still melting. The left hand is pinched with a patch resistance with a tweeter, and the pad from one side of the tin from the side of the tin is pushed to the side of the tin. Put it on the pad and dip it in tin.

4. Take away the tin to cool down. At this time, the patch resistance is fixed on the pad.

5. Use the pad to dip some tin, gently point the other on the other two pads, and let the tin and the other end of the patch resistance be passed together. After the tin is cooled, the entire patch resistance will be fastened on the pad with tin.

Common 0603 patch resistance brand

 

American brand: Vishay, KOA Speer, YAGEO, Panasonic, Bourns, etc.

Taiwan brands: Chilisin, FENGHUA, Superworld, YAGEO, WALSIN Technology, etc.

What do you know about the pcb cost ?

02/27/2024 在： /通过：

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are a vital component of electronic devices, and their cost significantly impacts the overall economics of a product. Understanding and mastering the cost structure of PCBs is crucial for companies to reduce costs and enhance market competitiveness. This article aims to delve into the cost composition of PCBs, explore the main influencing factors, and propose strategies for cost optimization.

PCB Cost Composition

1.Material Costs:This includes the expenses for substrates, copper foil, solder, solder mask, silkscreen, and other raw materials. The selection of the substrate material has the biggest impact on costs, as different materials, thicknesses, and sizes can significantly affect the final cost.

2.Manufacturing Costs:These cover the expenses related to processes such as lamination, drilling, copper etching, plating, soldering, silkscreen printing, surface finishing, and PCB shaping. The complexity and precision requirements of these processes vary, leading to different costs.

3.Equipment Depreciation and Maintenance: PCB manufacturing requires high-value equipment, and the depreciation and maintenance costs are a significant part of the overall PCB cost.

4.Labor Costs: The production of PCBs requires a significant amount of manpower, including operators, technicians, and quality inspectors. Their salaries and welfare benefits also contribute to the cost.

Factors Influencing PCB Cost

1.Design Complexity:

Higher design complexity leads to increased material, manufacturing, and labor costs. Strategies such as optimizing circuit design, simplifying wiring, and reducing component count can help reduce PCB costs.

2.Material Selection:

The choice of substrate material has a significant impact on PCB costs. Different materials have varying costs, and their performance, stability, and reliability also affect the overall PCB cost.

3.Manufacturing Processes:

Selecting and optimizing manufacturing processes are crucial for cost reduction. Adopting advanced technologies, improving production efficiency, and reducing waste rates can help lower PCB costs.

4.Batch Size:

Batch size significantly affects PCB costs. Larger batches lead to lower unit costs. Companies should plan production batches based on market demand and production capacity.

5.Lead time:

Lead time describes ordering and shipping times for your product. There is an inverse relationship between lead time and pricing, with extended lead times resulting in lower pricing.

6.Quality:

Quality refers to how good your design is, i.e., how well a design performs. Factors such as complexity, reliability, and yield determine the quality of your PCB. Complexity is often measured in terms of area for a given via count and has several components, including PCB tracks, soldering points, and so forth. To evaluate whether your PCB design is complex or not, you will need to determine what the average number is in a specified product type and assembly method your company will use.

7.Functionality:

Some design errors are easy to spot, while others can be difficult to find. Therefore, the more functionality tests you perform on your PCB design, the better quality control you will have. It will lead to higher tolerance levels and ultimately reduce rework and production delays. By improving efficiency in PCB manufacturing and assembly, the number of order cycles (designs built into the final product) will decrease significantly. This improves profitability for your company.

8.Quantity:

There is a fixed cost per square inch for each quantity order (except for bulk orders). Therefore, the more units you order, the lower the cost per unit.

Once you know your costs, you can develop a budget for your project and determine how much profit margin you need to build into your PCB assembly quote. Once you do that, it will be easy to set your prices for each product produced by your company.

Strategies for PCB Cost Optimization

1.Design Optimization:Simplifying circuit designs, reducing wiring complexity, and minimizing component count can help lower PCB costs. Optimizing component layout and wiring design can also improve PCB reliability and stability, reducing future maintenance and replacement costs.

2.Material Substitution:Where performance allows, cost-effective materials can be substituted for higher-cost options. For example, using more cost-effective substrate materials and solders can help reduce material costs.

3.Process Improvement:Enhancing manufacturing processes, improving production efficiency, and reducing waste rates can help lower manufacturing costs. Automation, process parameter optimization, and precision improvement can be effective strategies.

4.Rationalizing Production Batches:Companies should plan production batches based on market demand and production capacity to minimize unit costs. Balancing production with sales to avoid inventory accumulation and capital waste is also crucial.

Why is PCB Assembly so Expensive?

PCB assembly is expensive because the basic materials themselves are expensive. This is not to say that no companies manufacture cheaper PCB assemblies; its purpose is to say that quality remains unaffected, regardless of its costs. It is not unheard of for companies to offer or exceed the price listed in the example above if they feel that you, as a valued customer, will be more willing to spend the extra money to receive better quality in your final product.

PCB Assembly Costs by Product Type

Manufacturers design, manufacture, and assemble PCBs to meet the needs of different industries. Therefore, factors directly related to the industry, product type, and assembly option affect the cost of PCB assembly. The following list gives a rough estimate of where you can expect to find your typical cost for each product type.

Assembly Process Manufacturing Costs

    ●Stamp/Shrink +$1.00 per unit +/- 1%
    ●Solder +$1.00 per unit +/- 3%
    ●Spot +$0.05 per point +/- 2%
    ●SMT/LGA +$1.00 per unit +/- 1%

PCB Assembly Costs by Assembly Option

The Assembly process affects the cost of your PCB assembly in two ways:

    ●Materials themselves are more expensive
    ●Each assembly process requires a certain amount of retesting because of inconsistencies in the manufacturing process.

The following list shows each method used to assemble your PCB design and how much it costs you.

    ●Turnkey No Processing No Manufacturing No Assembling $0.52 per square inch +/- 2%
    ●General Process Assembling -$1.00 to -$1.20 per square inch
    ●Turnkey Processing +$0.72 per square inch +/- 1-2%
    ●General Process Manufacturing -$0.20 to -$0.52 per square inch
    ●Turnkey Manufacturing +$1.00 per square inch +/- 1-2%
    ●General Process Manufacturing -$0.20 to -$0.72 per square inch
    ●Turnkey Assembly +$1.00 per square inch

PCB costs play a pivotal role in determining the economic viability of electronic products. By understanding the cost composition and influencing factors of PCBs and implementing cost optimization strategies, companies can effectively reduce costs and enhance market competitiveness. As technology continues to advance and markets evolve, PCB cost optimization will remain a key area of focus and research.

Introduction to the application of printing circuit board

02/26/2024 在： /通过：

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are an integral part of the electronics industry, serving as the foundation for nearly all electronic devices. PCBs provide a platform for connecting and supporting electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. They enable these components to communicate and work together seamlessly, allowing for the creation of complex electronic systems.

The PCB’s design and manufacturing process involves several stages, including layout, routing, drilling, etching, and soldering. The layout stage involves planning the placement of components on the board, considering factors like signal integrity, power distribution, and thermal management. Routing involves creating the necessary connections between components using conductive traces. Drilling is the process of creating holes in the board for components with leads, while etching removes the unwanted copper from the board, leaving only the traces and pads. Finally, soldering is used to attach the components to the PCB, completing the circuit.

PCBs are used in a wide range of applications, from simple consumer electronics like radios and televisions to complex industrial and military equipment. They are also crucial in the development of emerging technologies like wearable devices, the Internet of Things (IoT), and renewable energy systems.

Applications for Printed Circuit Boards

Consumer Electronics: Consumer electronics is the largest market for PCBs, with applications ranging from household appliances like refrigerators and washing machines to personal electronics like smartphones, tablets, and laptops. PCBs in these devices enable the smooth operation of various functions, such as data processing, display, and connectivity.

 

Automotive Industry:  The automotive industry is another major market for PCBs. They are used in various vehicle systems, including engine control, braking systems, infotainment, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). PCBs in automobiles must meet strict safety and reliability standards, ensuring smooth and safe operation under various conditions.

 

Medical Devices:  The medical industry relies heavily on PCBs for various medical devices, such as MRI machines, pacemakers, dialysis machines, and surgical robots. PCBs in these devices play a crucial role in ensuring accurate and reliable operation, often with strict regulations and certifications required.

 

Industrial and Military Applications: PCBs are also widely used in industrial and military applications, where they enable the operation of complex systems and equipment. These applications often require PCBs to operate under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, high humidity, or radiation.

 

Communications and Networking: The communications and networking industry relies on PCBs for various equipment, including routers, switches, servers, and mobile communication devices. PCBs in these devices enable the transmission and reception of data, ensuring smooth and secure communication.

 

Aerospace and Defense:The aerospace and defense industries require PCBs that can withstand extreme environments and stringent safety requirements. These PCBs are used in aircraft, satellites, missiles, and other defense systems, enabling critical operations and ensuring national security.

 

LEDs：Light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are an increasingly popular lighting technology used for residential and commercial lighting and across numerous industries including the automotive, medical and computer technology sectors. LEDs are favored for their energy efficiency, long life and compactness.

One role that PCBs play in LED applications is the transfer of heat away from the bulb. High temperatures decrease the average life of LEDs. Because of this, PCBs used for LEDs are typically made with aluminum, which can transfer heat better than other metals. This eliminates the need for an additional heat sink to a design and means it can be more compact.

You can find LED PCBs in:

Residential lighting: LED lighting, including smart bulbs, help homeowners light their property more efficiently.
Storefront lighting: Businesses can use LEDs for signage and to light their stores.
Automotive displays: Dashboard indicators, headlights, brake lights and more may use LED PCBs.
Computer displays: LED PCBs power many indicators and displays on laptop and desktop computers.
Medical lighting: LEDs provide bright light and give off little heat, making them ideal for medical applications, especially those related to surgery and emergency medicine.

 

Safety and Security Equipment：Many aspects of security systems, whether for homes, businesses or government buildings, rely on PCBs. They play a role in our safety and security more often than many people realize.

Some safety and security devices that use PCBs include:

Security cameras: Security cameras, whether used indoors or outdoors, rely on PCBs, as does equipment used to monitor security footage.
Smoke detectors: Smoke detectors as well as other similar devices, such as carbon monoxide detectors, need reliable PCBs to function.
Electronic door locks: Modern electronic door locks also incorporate PCBs.
Motion sensors and burglar alarms: Security sensors that detect motion rely on PCBs as well.

 

The above is the classification of printing circuit boards. Of course, this is only part of them. PCB is also widely used in other industries. If your business needs PCB manufacturing and assembly, please contact us, we can provide you with one -stop PCB business services.

The characteristics and application introduction of purple PCB

02/22/2024 在： /通过：

The color of the printing circuit board is determined by the color of the group welding layer. Our common PCB boards are black, blue, green, and purple. What we want to discuss today is the detailed information about the purple circuit board. The specific content is as follows:

What is purple PCB?

Purple PCB, a circuit board with a purple welded layer, is determined by the welding layer of the circuit. Purple welded layer not only provides the color of the circuit board, but also may improve the performance of the circuit board. However, because purple is not a standard color, it may need to place orders to the circuit board manufacturer alone to provide, which may increase the manufacturing cost.

Purple PCB material

The materials of the purple circuit board mainly include the following:

1.FR4 board: This is a commonly used material that makes the circuit board strong and waterproof, and provides good insulation, thereby improving signal integrity. FR4 plate is a material made of epoxy resin and glass fiber cloth. It has the characteristics of medium mechanical strength, good dielectric performance, heat resistance, moisture, and chemical corrosion.

2.CEM-1 and CEM-2: These composite boards are also commonly used circuit board materials, which have good electrical and processing performance.

3. Special boards: such as ceramic boards and metal plates, these materials have special performance and use, which can meet certain special application needs.

In addition, according to the manufacturing process and use of the circuit board, other types of materials may be used, such as cardboard (such as FR-1, FR-2, FR-3), HDI boards, etc.

It should be noted that the color of the purple circuit board is determined by the welding layer of the circuit, not determined by the material itself. Therefore, no matter which material is used, as long as the welding layer is used to use purple ink, a purple circuit board can be made.

Benefits and Limitations of Purple PCB

 

The Benefits of Purple PCBs

Visual Appeal and Branding
In a market where differentiation can be a key factor in success, the unique color of a purple circuit board can make a significant impact. This is particularly true for consumer electronics, where the internal design of a device, including its circuit board, can be a point of aesthetic distinction.

Enhanced Inspectability
The contrast between the vibrant purple solder mask and the metallic sheen of the silver traces can make it easier for engineers and technicians to spot issues or defects during the manufacturing process or in quality control checks.

Material Advantages
The use of polyimide or other specialized materials for achieving the purple color can also offer functional benefits. These materials often exhibit superior heat resistance and flexibility compared to the standard materials used in green PCBs.

The Limitations of Purple PCBs

Availability and Lead Times
The specialized materials and dyes required for purple solder masks are not as commonly used as those for green PCBs, leading to potential issues with sourcing and longer lead times. For projects on a tight schedule or for manufacturers accustomed to rapid production cycles, this can pose a logistical challenge.

Higher Costs
The lower demand for purple solder masks, combined with the specialized processes required to produce them, often results in higher prices compared to standard green PCBs. For large-scale projects or for companies with strict budget constraints, the additional cost of purple circuit boards might be a prohibitive factor.

Purple PCB Applications

Purple PCBs have found a place in a wide range of applications, including:

Electronics and Gadgets
Many innovative companies and startups are choosing purple PCBs to give their products a unique and captivating appearance. The vibrant color helps create an emotional connection with customers, making their devices more memorable and enticing.

DIY Projects and Makerspaces
In the realm of DIY enthusiasts and makerspaces, purple PCBs have become a symbol of creativity and self-expression. The color’s emotional allure inspires hobbyists to push the boundaries of their projects, fueling their passion for electronics.

Wearable Technology
With the rise of wearable technology, purple PCBs are increasingly being used in devices like smartwatches, fitness trackers, and VR headsets. The distinctive color adds a touch of flair and personal style, making the technology feel like an extension of the wearer’s personality.

The characteristics of purple PCB

The characteristics of purple PCB mainly include the following aspects:

1. Recognition: The appearance of purple makes the circuit board more conspicuous among many electronic devices, which helps improve the recognition and brand image of the product.

2. Thin -type: The amount of copper used in conventional purple PCB circuit boards is small, which makes the size of the circuit board very thin and helps to achieve lightweight and portability of the equipment.

3. Circuit isolation: By adding the purple box, different functional modules of the circuit board can be separated to reduce signal interference and improve the reliability and stability of the circuit board.

4. Signal processing: The purple box can also be used to define the boundary of the signal processing circuit to ensure the accuracy and accuracy of the signal transmission. At the same time, it also helps the guidance and transmission of managing signals on multi -layer circuit boards.

5. Power distribution: By adding purple boxes to the PCB layout, the area of the power distribution network can be determined to improve the traceability of the power cord and help solve the problem of power jump lines.

FAQs About Purple PCBs:

Why are green PCBs more common than purple PCBs?
Green PCBs have been the industry standard for decades due to their lower production costs and ease of sourcing materials. However, as technology has advanced, colored PCBs like purple have become more accessible and affordable.

Can purple PCBs be used in high-frequency applications?
Yes, purple PCBs can be used in high-frequency applications, just like any other PCB. The color of the solder mask does not impact the PCB’s performance or functionality.

Are purple PCBs suitable for all types of electronic projects?

Absolutely! Purple PCBs can be used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to DIY projects and wearable technology.

Do purple PCBs have any disadvantages compared to other colors?
The primary disadvantage of purple PCBs is their relative rarity compared to more common colors like green. This may make sourcing purple PCBs slightly more challenging. However, their unique appearance and the emotional impact they create can outweigh this minor inconvenience for many electronics enthusiasts.

How can I ensure the quality of my purple PCB?
To ensure the quality of your purple PCB, work with a reputable manufacturer like MorePCB that has a proven track record of producing high-quality PCBs. Make sure to follow their design guidelines and properly care for your PCB to maintain its performance and appearance.